Tuatara

The tuatara is a rare reptile endemic to New Zealand and the sole living member of the order Rhynchocephalia.

The tuatara is a rare reptile endemic to New Zealand and the sole living member of the order Rhynchocephalia. Often described as a 'living fossil', its lineage dates back to the age of dinosaurs. The species is noted for its conservation concern, long lifespan, and lizard-like appearance despite not being a lizard.

Taxonomy and evolution

Tuatara are the last surviving reptiles of the order Rhynchocephalia, a lineage that was once widespread across the globe. Their survival makes them important to studies of reptile evolution and prehistoric biodiversity. They are often referred to as 'living fossils' because their lineage dates back to the time of the dinosaurs.

Description and behaviour

Tuatara resemble lizards but are not lizards. They are typically nocturnal and have a distinctive spiny crest, which is referenced in their Māori name meaning 'spiny back'. Notable features include a parietal eye, an unusually slow life history, and a long lifespan. They are New Zealand's largest reptile.

Distribution and habitat

Historically, tuatara were found across mainland New Zealand, but they now survive in the wild mainly on offshore islands and managed protected sites. Their current range reflects the impact of introduced predators and habitat loss. They are endemic to New Zealand and occur naturally only there.

Conservation

New Zealand’s Department of Conservation classifies the tuatara as At Risk-Relict. Conservation efforts focus on protecting island populations, controlling invasive mammals such as rats and mice, and maintaining genetic diversity. The species remains threatened by habitat destruction, poaching, and low genetic diversity.